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Publication
Bias
- Baker R, Jackson D.
Using journal impact factors to correct for the publication bias of
medical studies. Biometrics 2006; 62(3): 785-92.
- Copas J, Jackson D. A
bound for publication bias based on the fraction of unpublished
studies. Biometrics 2004; 60(1): 146-53.
- Copas JB, Shi JQ. A
sensitivity analysis for publication bias in systematic reviews. Stat
Methods Med Res 2001; 10(4): 251-65.
- Decullier E, Lheritier
V, Chapuis F. Fate of biomedical research protocols and publication
bias in France: retrospective cohort study. BMJ 2005; 331(7507): 19.
- Decullier E, Chapuis
F. Oral presentation bias: a retrospective cohort study. J Epidemiol
Community Health 2007; 61(3): 190-3.
- Deeks JJ, Macaskill P,
Irwig L. The performance of tests of publication bias and other
sample size effects in systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy
was assessed. J Clin Epidemiol 2005; 58(9): 882-93.
- Dickersin K. The
existence of publication bias and risk factors for its occurrence.
JAMA 1990; 263(10): 1385-9.
- Dickersin K. How
important is publication bias? A synthesis of available data. AIDS
Educ Prev 1997; 9(1 Suppl): 15-21.
- Dickersin K, Min YI, Meinert CL. Factors influencing publication of research results. Follow up of applications submitted to two institutional review boards. JAMA 1992;263:374-378.
- Dickersin K, Min YI. NIH clinical trials and publication bias. Online Journal of Current Clinical Trials. 1993. Document No. 50.
- Dickersin K (2004a). Publication bias: recognising the problem, understanding its origins and scope, and preventing harm. In: Rothstein H, Sutton A, Borenstein M, eds. Handbook of publication bias. New York: Wiley.
- Dubben HH,
Beck-Bornholdt HP. Systematic review of publication bias in studies
on publication bias. BMJ 2005; 331(7514): 433-4.
- Duval S, Tweedie R.
Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and
adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics 2000;
56(2): 455-63.
- Easterbrook PJ, Berlin
JA, Gopalan R, Matthews DR. Publication bias in clinical research.
Lancet 1991; 337(8746): 867-72.
- Egger M, Juni P,
Bartlett C, Holenstein F, Sterne J. How important are comprehensive
literature searches and the assessment of trial quality in systematic
reviews? Empirical study. Health Technol Assess 2003; 7(1): 1-76.
- Harbord RM, Egger M,
Sterne JA. A modified test for small-study effects in meta-analyses
of controlled trials with binary endpoints. Stat Med 2006; 25(20):
3443-57.
- Hartling L, Craig WR,
Russell K, Stevens K, Klassen TP. Factors influencing the publication
of randomized controlled trials in child health research. Arch
Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004; 158(10): 983-7.
- Hopewell S, Clarke M,
Stewart L, Tierney J. Time to publication for results of clinical
trials. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; (2): MR000011.
- Ioannidis JP,
Trikalinos TA. The appropriateness of asymmetry tests for publication
bias in meta-analyses: a large survey. CMAJ 2007; 176(8): 1091-6.
- Klassen TP, Wiebe N,
Russell K, Stevens K, Hartling L, Craig WR, et al. Abstracts of
randomized controlled trials presented at the society for pediatric
research meeting: an example of publication bias. Arch Pediatr
Adolesc Med 2002; 156(5): 474-9.
- Lau J, Ioannidis JP,
Terrin N, Schmid CH, Olkin I. The case of the misleading funnel plot.
BMJ 2006; 333(7568): 597-600.
- Macaskill P, Walter
SD, Irwig L. A comparison of methods to detect publication bias in
meta-analysis. Stat Med 2001; 20(4): 641-54.
- McAuley L, Pham B,
Tugwell P, Moher D. Does the inclusion of grey literature influence
the estimates of intervention effectiveness reported in
meta-analyses? Lancet 2000; 356: 1228-1231.
- Peters JL, Sutton AJ,
Jones DR, Abrams KR, Rushton L. Comparison of two methods to detect
publication bias in meta-analysis. JAMA 2006; 295(6): 676-80.
- Pham B, Platt R,
McAuley L, Klassen TP, Moher D. Is there a "best" way to
detect and minimize publication bias? An empirical evaluation. Eval
Health Prof 2001; 24(2): 109-25.
- Raina PS, Brehaut JC,
Platt RW, Klassen TP, Moher D, St JP, et al. The influence of display
and statistical factors on the interpretation of metaanalysis results
by physicians. Medical Care 2005; 43(12): 1242-9.
- Rucker G, Schwarzer G, Carpenter J. Arcsine
test
for publication
bias in meta-analyses with binary outcomes. Stat Med. 2007
- Schwarzer G, Antes G, Schumacher M. Inflation
of
type I error rate
in two statistical tests for the detection of publication bias in
meta-analyses with binary outcomes. Stat Med 2002; 21(17): 2465-77.
- Schwarzer G, Antes G,
Schumacher M. A test for publication bias in meta-analysis with
sparse binary data. Stat Med 2007; 26(4): 721-33.
- Simes RJ. Publication
bias: the case for an international registry of clinical trials. J
Clin Oncol 1986; 4(10): 1529-41.
- Smith ML. Publication
bias and meta-analysis. Evaluation in Education 1980; 4: 22-4.
- Song F, Khan KS,
Dinnes J, Sutton AJ. Asymmetric funnel plots and publication bias in
meta-analyses of diagnostic accuracy. International Journal of
Epidemiology 2002; 31(1): 88-95.
- Sterling TD.
Publication decisions and their possible effects on inferences drawn
from tests of significance - or vice versa. J Am Stat Assoc 1959; 54:
30-34
- Stern JM, Simes RJ.
Publication bias: evidence of delayed publication in a cohort study
of clinical research projects. BMJ 1997; 315(7109): 640-5.
- Sterne JA, Gavaghan D,
Egger M. Publication and related bias in meta-analysis: power of
statistical tests and prevalence in the literature. J Clin Epidemiol
2000; 53(11): 1119-29.
- Sutton AJ, Song F,
Gilbody SM, Abrams KR. Modelling publication bias in meta-analysis: a
review. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 2000; 9(5): 421-45.
- Sutton AJ, Duval SJ,
Tweedie RL, Abrams KR, Jones DR. Empirical assessment of effect of
publication bias on meta-analyses. BMJ 2000; 320(7249 ):1574-7.
- Terrin N, Schmid CH,
Lau J, Olkin I. Adjusting for publication bias in the presence of
heterogeneity. Stat Med 2003 ;22(13): 2113-26.
- Terrin N, Schmid CH,
Lau J. In an empirical evaluation of the funnel plot, researchers
could not visually identify publication bias. J Clin Epidemiol 2005;
58(9): 894-901.
- Toma M, McAlister FA, Bialy L, Adams D, Vandermeer B, Armstrong PW. Transition from meeting abstract to full-length journal article for randomized controlled trials.
JAMA. 2006; 295 (11): 1281-7.
- Vandenbroucke JP (1988). Passive smoking and lung cancer: a publication bias? BMJ 296:391-2.
Language
Bias
- Egger M, Zellweger-Zahner T, Schneider M,
Junker
C, Lengeler C,
Antes G. Language bias in randomised controlled trials published in
English and German. Lancet 1997; 350(9074): 326-9.
- Galandi D, Schwarzer
G, Antes G. The demise of the randomised controlled trial:
bibliometric study of the German-language health care literature,
1948 to 2004. BMC Med Res Methodol 2006; 6: 30.
- Grégoire G,
Derderian F, Le LJ. Selecting the language of the publications
included in a meta-analysis: is there a Tower of Babel bias? J Clin
Epidemiol 1995; 48(1): 159-63.
- Jüni P,
Holenstein F, Sterne J, Bartlett C, Egger M. Direction and impact of
language bias in meta-analyses of controlled trials: empirical
study.[see comment]. International Journal of Epidemiology 2002;
31(1): 115-23.
- Moher D, Fortin P,
Jadad AR, Juni P, Klassen T, Le LJ, et al. Completeness of reporting
of trials published in languages other than English: implications for
conduct and reporting of systematic reviews. Lancet 1996; 347(8998):
363-6.
- Moher D, Pham B,
Klassen TP, Schulz KF, Berlin JA, Jadad AR, et al. What contributions
do languages other than English make on the results of meta-analyses?
J Clin Epidemiol 2000; 53(9): 964-72.
- Pham B, Klassen TP,
Lawson ML, Moher D. Language of publication restrictions in
systematic reviews gave different results depending on whether the
intervention was conventional or complementary. J Clin Epidemiol
2005; 58(8): 769-76.
Quality
of Reporting and Reporting Guidelines
- Altman DG, Schulz KF,
Moher D, Egger M, Davidoff F, Elbourne D, et al. The revised CONSORT
statement for reporting randomized trials: explanation and
elaboration. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134(8): 663-94.
- Altman DG. Endorsement
of the CONSORT statement by high impact medical journals: survey of
instructions for authors. BMJ 2005; 330(7499): 1056-7.
- Boutron I, Moher D,
Tugwell P, Giraudeau B, Poiraudeau S, Nizard R, et al. A checklist to
evaluate a report of a nonpharmacological trial (CLEAR NPT) was
developed using consensus. J Clin Epidemiol 2005; 58(12): 1233-40.
- Campbell MK, Elbourne
DR, Altman DG, CONSORT Group. CONSORT statement: extension to cluster
randomised trials. BMJ 2004; 328(7441): 702-8.
- Chan AW, Altman DG.
Epidemiology and reporting of randomised trials published in PubMed
journals. Lancet 2005; 365(9465): 1159-62.
- Grimes DA, Hubacher D,
Nanda K, Schulz KF, Moher D, Altman DG. The Good Clinical Practice
guideline: a bronze standard for clinical research. Lancet 2005;
366(9480): 172-4.
- Gotzsche PC. Methodology and overt and hidden bias in reports of 196 double-blind trials of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in rheumatoid arthritis. Control Clin Trials 1989; 10(1):31-56 (amendment: 356).
- Ioannidis JP, Evans
SJ, Gotzsche PC, O'Neill RT, Altman DG, Schulz K, et al. Better
reporting of harms in randomized trials: an extension of the CONSORT
statement. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141(10): 781-8.
- Klassen TP, Pham B,
Lawson ML, Moher D. For randomized controlled trials, the quality of
reports of complementary and alternative medicine was as good as
reports of conventional medicine. J Clin Epidemiol 2005; 58(8):
763-8.
- Lawson ML, Pham B,
Klassen TP, Moher D. Systematic reviews involving complementary and
alternative medicine interventions had higher quality of reporting
than conventional medicine reviews. J Clin Epidemiol 2005; 58(8):
777-84.
- Liu J, Kjaergard LL, Gluud C. Misuse of randomisation: a review of Chinese randomised trials of herbal medicines for chronic hepatitis B. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine 2002;30:173-176.
- McAlister FA, Straus
SE, Sackett DL, Altman DG. Analysis and reporting of factorial
trials: a systematic review. JAMA 2003; 289(19): 2545-53.
- Moher D, Cook DJ,
Eastwood S, Olkin I, Rennie D, Stroup DF. Improving the quality of
reports of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials: the QUOROM
statement. Quality of Reporting of Meta-analyses. Lancet 1999;
354(9193): 1896-900.
- Moher D, Schulz KF,
Altman DG, CONSORT GROUP (Consolidated Standards of Reporting
Trials). The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving
the quality of reports of parallel-group randomized trials. Ann
Intern Med 2001; 134(8): 657-62.
- Moher D, Altman DG,
Schulz KF, Elbourne DR. Opportunities and challenges for improving
the quality of reporting clinical research: CONSORT and beyond. CMAJ
2004; 171(4): 349-50.
- Moher D, Tetzlaff J, Tricco AC, Sampson M,
Altman
DG: Epidemiology
and Reporting Characteristics of Systematic Reviews. PLoS Med 2007,
4: e78.
- Piaggio G, Elbourne
DR, Altman DG, Pocock SJ, Evans SJ, CONSORT Group. Reporting of
noninferiority and equivalence randomized trials: an extension of the
CONSORT statement. JAMA 2006; 295(10): 1152-60.
- Sydes
MR, Altman DG, Babiker AB, Parmar MK, Spiegelhalter DJ, DAMOCLES
Group. Reported use of data monitoring committees in the main
published reports of randomized controlled trials: a cross-sectional
study. Clinical Trials 2004; 1(1): 48-59.
- Wager E, Field EA, Grossman L (2003). Good Publication Practice for pharmaceutical companies. Current Medical Research and Opinion 19:149-54.
Funding
Bias
- Als-Nielsen B, Chen W, Gluud C, Kjaergard LL. Association of funding and conclusions in randomised drug trials. A reflection of treatment effect or adverse events? JAMA 2003; 290: 921-28.
- Bero L, Oostvogel F, Bacchetti P, Lee K (2007) Factors associated with findings of published trials of drug–drug comparisons: Why some statins appear more efficacious than others. PLoS Med 4(6): e184. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040184 .
- Bhandari
M, Busse JW, Jackowski D, Montori VM, Schunemann H, Sprague S, et al.
Association between industry funding and statistically significant
pro-industry findings in medical and surgical randomized trials. CMAJ
Canadian Medical Association Journal 2004; 170(4): 477-80.
- Cho
MK, Bero LA. The quality of drug studies published in symposium
proceedings. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124(5): 485-9.
- Davidson
RA. Source of funding and outcome of clinical trials. Journal of
General Internal Medicine 1986; 1(3): 155-8.
- Djulbegovic B, Lacevic M, Cantor A, Fields KK, Bennett CL, Adams JR, Kuderer NM, Lyman GH (2000). The uncertainty principle and industry-sponsored research. Lancet 356:635-638.
- Hemminki E (1980). Study of information submitted by drug companies to licensing authorities. BMJ 280:833-6.
- Krzyzanowska
MK, Pintilie M, Tannock IF. Factors associated with failure to
publish large randomized trials presented at an oncology meeting.
JAMA 2003; 290(4): 495-501.
- Lexchin
J, Bero LA, Djulbegovic B, Clark O. Pharmaceutical industry
sponsorship and research outcome and quality: systematic review. BMJ
2003; 326(7400 ): 1167-70.
- Melander
H, hlqvist-Rastad J, Meijer G, Beermann B. Evidence b(i)ased
medicine--selective reporting from studies sponsored by
pharmaceutical industry: review of studies in new drug applications.
BMJ 2003; 326(7400 ): 1171-3.
- Perlis
RH, Perlis CS, Wu Y, Hwang C, Joseph M, Nierenberg AA. Industry
sponsorship and financial conflict of interest in the reporting of
clinical trials in psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry 2005;
162(10): 1957-60.
- Rochon
PA, Gurwitz JH, Simms RW, Fortin PR, Felson DT, Minaker KL, et al. A
study of manufacturer-supported trials of nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of arthritis. Arch Intern
Med 1994; 154(2): 157-63.
Selective
Outcome Reporting
- Chan AW, Hrobjartsson
A, Haahr MT, Gotzsche PC, Altman DG. Empirical evidence for selective
reporting of outcomes in randomized trials: comparison of protocols
to published articles. JAMA 2004; 291(20):2457-65.
- Chan AW, Krleza-Jeri
K, Schmid I, Altman DG. Outcome reporting bias in randomized trials
funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. CMAJ 2004;
171(7): 735-40.
- Chan AW, Altman DG.
Identifying outcome reporting bias in randomised trials on PubMed:
review of publications and survey of authors. BMJ 2005; 330(7494):
753.
- Furukawa TA, Watanabe N, Omori IM, Montori VM,
Guyatt GH.
Association between unreported outcomes and effect size estimates in
Cochrane meta-analyses. JAMA 2007; 297(5): 468-70.
- Gøtzsche PC. Multiple publication in reports of drug trials. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1989; 36:429-32.
- Hahn S, Williamson PR,
Hutton JL, Garner P, Flynn EV. Assessing the potential for bias in
meta-analysis due to selective reporting of subgroup analyses within
studies. Stat Med 2000; 19(24): 3325-36.
- Hahn S, Williamson PR,
Hutton JL. Investigation of within-study selective reporting in
clinical research: follow-up of applications submitted to a local
research ethics committee. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice
2002; 8(3): 353-9.
- Hrobjartsson A, Chan
AW, Haahr MT, Gotzsche PC, Altman DG. [Selective reporting of
positive outcomes in randomised trials--secondary publication.. A
comparison of protocols with published reports]. [Danish]. Ugeskr
Laeger 2005; 167(34): 3189-91.
- Hutton J and
Williamson P. Bias in meta-analysis due to outcome variable selection
within studies. Applied Statistics 2000; 49: 359-370.
- Williamson
PR, Gamble C. Identification and impact of outcome selection bias in
meta-analysis. Stat Med 2005; 24(10): 1547-61.
Quality
Assessment
- Altman
DG. Poor-quality medical research: what can journals do? JAMA 2002;
287(21): 2765-7.
- Balk
EM, Bonis PA, Moskowitz H, Schmid CH, Ioannidis JP, Wang C, et al.
Correlation of quality measures with estimates of treatment effect in
meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2002; 287(22):
2973-82.
- Gluud C, Nikolova D. Quality assessment of reports on clinical trials in Journal of Hepatology. J Hepatol 1998;29:321-327.
- Gluud C, Kjaergard LL. Quality of trials in portal hypertension and other fields of hepatology. 3rd Baveno International Consensus Workshop. Portal Hypertension into the Third Millennium. Definition, Methodology and Therapeutic Strategies in Portal Hypertension. Blackwell Science: Oxford. 2001;204-218.
- Gluud LL, Sørensen TI, Gøtzsche PC, Gluud C. The journal impact factor as a predictor of trial quality and outcomes: cohort study of hepatobiliary randomized clinical trials. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100(11):2431-5.
- Gluud C. The culture of designing hepato-biliary randomised trials. J Hepatol 2006;44(3):607-15.
- Gluud C, Klingenberg SL, Gluud LL. Quality of randomised clinical trials in portal hypertension and other fields of hepatology. In: Roberto De Franchis, ed. Portal Hypertension IV. 1st ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2006;328-344.
- Gluud LL. Bias in clinical intervention research. Am J Epidemiol 2006;163:493-501.
- Huwiler-Muntener
K, Juni P, Junker C, Egger M. Quality of reporting of randomized
trials as a measure of methodologic quality. JAMA 2002; 287(21):
2801-4.
- Jüni
P, Altman DG, Egger M. Systematic reviews in health care: Assessing
the quality of controlled clinical trials. BMJ 2001; 323(7303): 42-6.
- Jüni
P, Witschi A, Bloch R, Egger M. The hazards of scoring the quality of
clinical trials for meta-analysis. JAMA 1999; 282(11): 1054-60.
- Kjærgard LL, Nikolova D, Gluud C. Randomized clinical trials in Hepatology – predictors of quality. Hepatology 1999;30:1134-38.
- Kjaergard
LL, Villumsen J, Gluud C. Reported methodologic quality and
discrepancies between large and small randomized trials in
meta-analyses. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135(11): 982-9.
- Kjaergard LL, Frederiksen S, Gluud C. Validity of randomized clinical trials in Gastroenterology from 1964-2000. Gastroenterology 2002;122:1157-1160.
- Moher
D, Pham B, Jones A, Cook DJ, Jadad AR, Moher M, et al. Does quality
of reports of randomised trials affect estimates of intervention
efficacy reported in meta-analyses? Lancet 1998; 352(9128): 609-13.
- Siersma V, Als-Nielsen B, Chen W, Hilden J, Gluud LL, Gluud C. Multivariable modeling for meta-epidemiological assessment of the association between trial quality and treatment effects estimated in randomised clinical trials. Statistics in Medicine 2007; 26(14): 2745-58.
Database
Bias
- Egger M, Juni P, Bartlett C, Holenstein F,
Sterne
J. How important
are comprehensive literature searches and the assessment of trial
quality in systematic reviews? Empirical study. Health Technol Assess
2003; 7(1): 1-76.
- Sampson M, Barrowman
NJ, Moher D, Klassen TP, Pham B, Platt R, et al. Should meta-analysts
search Embase in addition to Medline? J Clin Epidemiol 2003; 56(10):
943-55.
- Zielinski
C. New equities on information in an electronic age. BMJ 1995; 310:
1480-1481.
Location Bias
- Pittler MH, Abbot NC,
Harkness EF, Ernst E. Location bias in controlled clinical trials of
complementary/alternative therapies. J Clin Epidemiol 2000; 53(5):
485-9.
- Vickers A, Goyal N,
Harland R, Rees R. Do certain countries produce only positive
results? A systematic review of controlled trials. Controlled
Clinical Trials 1998; 19(2): 159-66.
- Wayt Gibbs W. Lost science in the Third World.
Scientific American, August 1995: 76-83.
- Zielinski
C. New equities on information in an electronic age. BMJ 1995, 310:
1480-1481.
Methodological
Bias
- Gluud C, Gluud LL. Evidence based diagnostics. BMJ 2005;330(7493):724-6.
- Hahn S, Puffer S, Torgerson DJ, Watson J.
Methodological bias in
cluster randomised trials. BMC Med Res Methodol 2005; 5(1): 10.
- Pildal J, Chan AW,
Hrobjartsson A, Forfang E, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC. Comparison of
descriptions of allocation concealment in trial protocols and the
published reports: cohort study. BMJ 2005; 330(7499): 1049.
- Pildal
J, Hróbjartsson A, Jørgensen JK, Hilden J, Altman
DG,
Gøtzsche PC. Impact of allocation concealment on conclusions
drawn from meta-analyses of randomised trials. 2007; International
Journal of Epidemiology. [Epub ahead of print] doi:10.1093/ije/dym087
- Schulz KF, Chalmers I,
Grimes DA, Altman DG. Assessing the quality of randomization from
reports of controlled trials published in obstetrics and gynecology
journals. JAMA 1994; 272(2): 125-8.
- Schulz KF, Chalmers I,
Altman DG, Grimes DA, Dore CJ. The methodologic quality of
randomization as assessed from reports of trials in specialist and
general medical journals. Online Journal of Current Clinical Trials
1995; Doc No 197: 81.
- Schulz KF, Chalmers I,
Hayes RJ, Altman DG. Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of
methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects
in controlled trials. JAMA 1995; 273(5): 408-12.
- Schulz KF,
Grimes DA, Altman DG, Hayes
RJ. Blinding and exclusions after allocation in randomised controlled
trials: survey of published parallel group trials in obstetrics and
gynaecology. BMJ 1996; 312(7033): 742-4.
- Sterne
JA, Juni P, Schulz KF, Altman DG, Bartlett C, Egger M. Statistical
methods for assessing the influence of study characteristics on
treatment effects in 'meta-epidemiological' research. Statistics in
Medicine 2002; 21(11): 1513-24.
- Tierney JF, Stewart
LA. Investigating patient exclusion bias in meta-analysis.
International Journal of Epidemiology 2005; 34(1): 79-87.
- Wood L. The
epidemiology of bias in
randomised (clinical) controlled trials: a meta-epidemiological
study. PhD thesis. 2006.
Reviewer
Bias
- Ernst
E, Resch KL. Reviewer bias: a blinded experimental study. Journal of
Laboratory & Clinical Medicine 1994; 124(2): 178-82.
Citation Bias
- Gøtzsche PC. Reference bias in reports of drug trials. BMJ 1987;295:654-656.
- Kjaergard LL, Gluud C. Citation bias of randomised trials. J Clin Epidemiol 2002;55(4):407-410.
Early Stopping Bias
- Pocock SJ, Hughes MD (1989). Practical problems in interim analyses, with particular regard to estimation. Control Clinical Trials10 (4 Suppl):209S-221S.
- Montori VM, Devereaux PJ, Adhikari NK, Burns KE, Eggert CH, Briel M, Lacchetti C, Leung TW, Darling E, Bryant DM, Bucher HC, Schunemann HJ, Meade MO, Cook DJ, Erwin PJ, Sood A, Sood R, Lo B, Thompson CA, Zhou Q, Mills E, Guyatt GH (2005). Randomized trials stopped early for benefit: a systematic review. JAMA 294:2203-2209.
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